Catholicism is a faith steeped in history, tracing its origins back more than 2000 years, to a time when the first apostles began spreading Christian teachings in the Roman Empire. Saint Peter, one of Jesus Christ’s original 12 disciples, is considered by Catholics today to have been the first pope and the founder of the Catholic Church.
Today, the Vatican City, the central authority of the Catholic Church, can still be found in Rome. The Vatican – also known as the Eternal City – is the world’s smallest sovereign state and the home of the Holy See. The head of the Holy See is the Bishop of Rome, who is also the Pope and spiritual leader of more than 1.3 billion Catholics around the world.
Catholicism is characterised by its emphasis on tradition, authority, and long-established religious doctrine – these tenets are what bind together followers of the oldest and most widely practiced denomination of Christianity. There are more than five million Catholics in the UK, while the largest Catholic populations can be found in Central and South America, as well as the Philippines and the United States.
Catholics celebrate the seven sacraments, of which the most important is the Eucharist. The Eucharist, also known as Holy Communion, is often referred to as the “source and the summit” of Catholic spirituality. Receiving Holy Communion involves consuming consecrated bread and wine during Mass. According to the doctrine of the Real Presence, Jesus Christ is substantially present in the bread and wine during this ceremony. This is known as transubstantiation, and is a central element of Catholic worship and belief.
The most important Mass for Catholics takes place on a Sunday, though services may be held throughout the week. Catholic churches are renowned for their grandeur and ornate style. For Catholics, Beauty is one of the three transcendentals, alongside Truth and Goodness, which point to God. Catholic churches are therefore often adorned with stained glass, frescoes, and statues depicting biblical imagery and saints.
Another important ritual for Catholics is the Sacrament of Penance, or the practice of confession. Confession involves a person admitting their sins to a priest, who can grant an individual absolution for their sins on behalf of God. For this reason the Sacrament of Penance is also known as the Sacrament of Reconciliation.
This year, these themes have particular significance for Catholics, as 2025 has been declared a Jubilee Year – a special year of forgiveness and reconciliation – by Pope Francis. During Jubilee Years, Catholics are encouraged to make a pilgrimage to a holy site, such as the Vatican. In a reflection of the scale of the global Catholic community, more than 35 million pilgrims are expected to visit the Eternal City this year.
Catholicism is one of the most influential Christian denominations, and understanding the beliefs and practices of Catholics is crucial for understanding the impact of faith in the world today.